India faces a critical decision in modernizing its air force amid competing offers from the US and Russia. During Prime Minister Modi’s recent Washington visit, President Trump suggested India could acquire F-35s, America’s advanced stealth fighter typically reserved for close allies.
The F-35, a fifth-generation fighter with AI-driven systems and stealth capabilities, comes with an $80 million price tag. Meanwhile, Russia offers its Su-57 stealth fighter with potential local production opportunities.
India’s air force currently operates 31 fighter squadrons, predominantly Russian and Soviet-era aircraft, well below its required 42 squadrons. Recent data shows concerning trends: while China added 435 fighters and Pakistan gained 31 between 2014-2024, India’s fleet decreased by 151 aircraft.
The country’s modernization plans focus on domestic production, with orders for 83 Tejas Mark 1A fighters and development of the Mark 2 variant. India also seeks 114 multi-role fighters under a $20 billion program requiring local manufacturing with technology transfer.
However, three major challenges persist: funding constraints, project delays, and foreign dependency. Defense spending has decreased in real terms, while domestic development faces repeated setbacks. The Indian Air Force chief has expressed frustration over delayed deliveries of promised aircraft.
Experts suggest India is unlikely to choose either the F-35 or Su-57. The F-35’s high costs, maintenance requirements, and restricted production rights conflict with India’s “Make in India” initiative. The Su-57 option lost momentum after India withdrew from a joint development program in 2018.
India’s long-term strategy emphasizes domestic fighter production, preferably with Western technological partnership. Success depends on delivering indigenous aircraft on schedule while managing immediate operational requirements through interim purchases.
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